『譯作 · A PAINFUL CASE』

悲痛的往事（节选）

[爱尔兰] 詹姆斯·乔伊斯

译 / 顾忆青

（译文） 修订本

（感谢 Shannon 的指导）

走到麦迦津山的山顶时，他停了下来，沿着河流向都柏林望去，寒夜中的城市泛着宜人的红光。他朝山坡下看去，在山脚下那座公园围墙的阴影里，依稀可见横躺着的斑驳人影。那些用金钱换来的隐密艳情，使他陷入绝望之中。他为自己那正人君子的生活苦恼不已，他觉得自己是生活盛宴的局外人。有人似乎爱上过他，然而他却拒绝给予她生命和幸福。他曾给那女人定下了“不知廉耻”的罪状，致使她在羞愧中死去。他知道公园围墙下那些人正注视着他，巴望着他赶快离开。谁也不需要他，他是生活盛宴的局外人。他将目光转向那条灰暗中微光闪烁的河流，河水正朝着都柏林蜿蜒流淌。他看见河对岸的一辆货车正迂回驶出国王桥车站，如同一条弯曲蠕动的蚯蚓，顶着火焰般赤红色的脑袋，倔强而又费力地穿过夜色。货车缓缓从他视线中消失，但机车吃力沉闷的嗡嗡声仍在耳畔，似乎在重复着她名字的每一个音节。

他转身按原路返回，机车那富有节奏的声响仍不绝于耳。他开始怀疑记忆中的那一切都是不是真的。在一棵树下，他停了下来，直到这轰鸣的节奏声逐渐淡去。黑暗中，他感觉不到她在自己身边，也听不到她的声音。他又听了几分钟，什么也没有听到：夜，出奇地静。他再次去听：还是出奇地静。他觉得自己已是孤身一人。

（原稿）

当他走到麦迦津山的山顶时，他停了下来，沿着河流向都柏林望去，寒夜中的城市泛着宜人的红光。他朝山坡下眺望，只见山脚下，那座公园围墙的阴影里，依稀可见横躺着的斑驳人影。那些用金钱换来的隐密艳情，使他陷入绝望之中。他那正人君子的生活令他苦恼不已，他觉得自己是生活盛宴的局外人。有人似乎爱上过他，然而他却拒绝给予她生命和幸福。他在心里给那女人定下了不知廉耻的罪状，致使她在羞愧中死去。他知道公园围墙边躺着的那些人正注视着他，巴望着他赶快离开。谁也不需要他，他是生活盛宴的局外人。他将目光转向那条灰暗中微光闪烁的河流，河水正朝着都柏林蜿蜒流淌。在河的对岸，他看见一辆货车正迂回驶出国王桥车站，如同一条弯曲蠕动的蚯蚓，顶着火焰般赤红色的脑袋，倔强而又费力地穿过黑暗的夜色。货车缓缓从他视线中消失，但机车吃力沉闷的嗡嗡声仍不绝于耳，似乎在重复着她名字的每一个音节。

他转过身去按原路返回，机车那富有节奏的声响在他的耳畔轰鸣。他开始怀疑记忆中的那一切都是不是真的。在一棵树下，他停下了脚步，等这轰鸣的节奏声逐渐淡去。黑暗中，他感觉不到她在自己身边，耳边也没有了她的声音。他又听了几分钟，什么也没有听到：夜，出奇地静。他再次去听：还是出奇地静。他觉得自己已是孤身一人。

（原文）

A Painful Case

(Excerpt)

by James Joyce

When he gained the crest of the Magazine Hill he halted and looked along the river towards Dublin, the lights of which burned redly and hospitably in the cold night. He looked down the slope and, at the base, in the shadow of the wall of the Park, he saw some human figures lying. Those venal and furtive loves filled him with despair. He gnawed the rectitude of his life; he felt that he had been outcast from life's feast. One human being had seemed to love him and he had denied her life and happiness: he had sentenced her to ignominy, a death of shame. He knew that the prostrate creatures down by the wall were watching him and wished him gone. No one wanted him; he was outcast from life's feast. He turned his eyes to the grey gleaming river, winding along towards Dublin. Beyond the river he saw a goods train winding out of Kingsbridge Station, like a worm with a fiery head winding through the darkness, obstinately and laboriously. It passed slowly out of sight; but still he heard in his ears the laborious drone of the engine reiterating the syllables of her name.

He turned back the way he had come, the rhythm of the engine pounding in his ears. He began to doubt the reality of what memory told him. He halted under a tree and allowed the rhythm to die away. He could not feel her near him in the darkness nor her voice touch his ear. He waited for some minutes listening. He could hear nothing: the night was perfectly silent. He listened again: perfectly silent. He felt that he was alone.

◎ 关于作者：James Joyce

詹姆斯·乔伊斯（1882-1941），爱尔兰作家和诗人，是二十世纪最伟大的作家之一。他的“意识流”宏篇巨著《尤利西斯》（Ulysses, 1922）在世界文学史上具有划时代的意义。他的代表作还有短篇小说集《都柏林人》（Dubliners, 1914）、《一个青年艺术家的画像》（A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 1916）、《为芬尼根守灵》（Finnegans Wake, 1939）。

尽管乔伊斯一生大部分时光都远离故土爱尔兰，但早年在祖国的生活经历却对他的创作产生了深远的影响，他所创作的小说大多根植于他早年在都柏林的生活。他谙熟欧洲大陆作家作品，受易卜生影响尤深，并渐渐表现出对人类精神世界特殊的感悟及对家庭笃信的宗教和自己生活环境中的习俗、传统的叛逆。大学毕业后，曾与当时的爱尔兰文艺复兴运动有所接触，不久即成为其对立面。同年，迫于经济压力及为摆脱家庭宗教和自身狭隘环境的束缚，自行流亡到欧洲大陆，先后在法国、瑞士、意大利过着流离的生活，广泛地吸取欧洲大陆和世界文化的精华。乔伊斯是用英文写作的现代主义作家中将国际化因素和乡土化情节结合最好的人，他作品中所表现出来的对民族对国家的热爱，深深感动着爱尔兰人民。

◎ 作品主题：

这个世界是否存在着达菲先生所喜欢的事物呢，他认为就是“过去”。我们在前面已经谈到，“过去”或“往事”是乔伊斯非常喜欢用的一个概念，往往意味着幸福的回忆，但这个概念实际上是非常抽象而空洞的（没有什么实质性的内容），乔伊斯只是在某种象征的意义上使用它，用来反衬“现实生活”的绝望与无趣。在达菲先生看来，他内心的绝望感的最重要的来源就是世界的与人的精神的双重“混乱”。为了与这种无处不在的混乱相抗衡，他用自己的全部生活建立起个人的“清洁”与“秩序”，就象陀思妥耶夫所说的那样，希望在无望的人间建立起上帝的天国。而他把自己一生的全部奋斗与抗争，耗费在整理自己的居室的日复一日的劳作中，这是一个意味深长的“代偿行为”，也是一个充满反讽的寓言。他的房间越清洁，他个人心灵的自闭壁垒也就越厚；他自以为是的步伐越坚定，他内心的迷茫感也就越深刻。他看上去忙得很，工作，看书，写作，参加墓地仪体告别仪式，在圣诞节访问他的亲戚，甚至他还去剧院听音乐会，他这样做似乎只有一个目的，避免自己处在“闲暇”之中，与其说憎恶“闲暇”和无所事事，不如说他害怕面对自己的内心。

我以为乔伊斯的用意是为了让这段离奇而温馨的情感纠葛来测量一下主人公达菲先生的虚无的深度。所以，在《悲痛的往事》中，悲剧的主角并不是埃米莉·辛尼科太太，而恰恰是达菲先生本人。达菲觉得自己是一个“被人生的盛宴排斥在外的人”，他活着，而在某种意义上他已经死了。他没有了爱欲，没有了生活的动力与激情，甚至丧失了基本的意愿。假如说，达菲的身体与精神状况已完全麻木，他的悲剧性也许还没有那么深刻。问题在于，他理智还能隐约感觉到自己的荒谬，他与爱米莉的交往显然不完全是被动的，他甚至主动接近对方，“抓住机会同她亲热一番”，只有当对方表现了明显“爱情”的信号时，他才发现自己的内心已经死去，没有任何能力。这一点，我们在埃米莉死后，达菲的追悔与悲伤也可以看得比较清楚。我个人认为，尽管乔伊斯在篇小说中使用了淡淡的揶揄和讽刺，但达菲先生的精神状况正是这个时期乔伊斯本人的真实写照。

（格非：《都柏林人》小说讲稿）

◎ 延伸阅读：

A Painful Case
from James Joyce "Dubliners"

『譯作 · Koala Rescued from Australia's Wildfire Wasteland』

澳洲山火肆虐 考拉主动“讨水”

编译 / 顾忆青

译自：《国际论坛先驱报》
( International Herald Tribune )

【译者按】连日来，澳大利亚东南部维多利亚州山火肆虐，引起各方关注。今天，国内外各大媒体相继报道和刊载了下面这张照片：往日十分害羞的树袋熊，难得主动地向消防员“求救”，令人动容。这幅温情脉脉的场景，使得惨剧不断的山火灾害流露出别样的滋味。人们感受到了生命的力量，对于未来逐渐充满信心。

(Mark Pardew/The Associated Press)

(The Associated Press) SYDNEY: It was a chance encounter in the charred landscape of Australia's deadly wildfires: A koala sips water from a bottle offered by a firefighter.

David Tree noticed the koala moving gingerly on scorched paws as his fire patrol passed. Clearly in pain, the animal stopped when it saw Tree.

"It was amazing, he turned around, sat on his bum and sort of looked at me with (a look) like, put me out of my misery," Tree told The Associated Press on Tuesday. "I yelled out for a bottle of water. I unscrewed the bottle, tipped it up on his lips and he just took it naturally.

"He kept reaching for the bottle, almost like a baby."

The team called animal welfare officers to pick up the koala Sunday, the day after deadly firestorms swept southern Victoria state.

"I love nature, and I've handled koalas before. They're not the friendliest things, but I wanted to help him," Tree said.

Often mistakenly called koala bears because they resemble a child's teddy bear, the marsupial is actually a rather grumpy creature with a loud growl. It rarely comes down from the trees and doesn't like walking.

Koalas are especially vulnerable to wildfires because they move slowly on the ground.

The wildfires cut through parks and forests and sent countless wombats and other native species fleeing. One resident reported seeing kangaroos bouncing down the road with flames at their backs.

The fires also razed farmland, killing or panicking sheep and cattle. Television footage showed cows running down the main street of a smoke-filled town.

A count of the animals killed has not been made.

Tree said he found the koala in a burned-out forest near Mirboo North, about 90 miles (150 kilometers) east of Melbourne, Victoria's capital.

Koalas normally drink almost no water because they get almost all their fluids from the leaves they eat.

After the scorched koala sipped from the water bottle and Tree's crew moved on, animal welfare officials came by.

The koala was in pain but recovering with antibiotics, Jenny Shaw of the Mountain Ash Wildlife Shelter told Melbourne's The Herald Sun newspaper.

"She is lovely — very docile — and she has already got an admirer. A male koala keeps putting his arms around her," Shaw was quoted as saying. "

It will be a long road to recovery, but she should be able to be released back into the wild in about five months."

The Royal Society for the Protection of Animals said it was establishing shelters to care for thousands of pets and livestock affected by the fires.

Despite her gender, the now famous koala is nicknamed Sam. ♦

【Words & Expressions】

► charred v. 烧焦 ► sip v. 吸吮 ► gingerly adv. 小心翼翼地

► scorch v. 烧焦 ► patrol n. 巡逻 ► bum n. [俚] 屁股

► marsupial n. 有袋动物 ► grumpy adj. 性情乖戾► wombat n. 袋熊

► raze v. 夷为平地 ► docile adj. 驯良温顺的 ► livestock n. 牲畜

___________

► yell out (for) phr v. 呼喊 ► tip up phr v. （使）倾斜；（使）一边翘起

► put sb. out of one's misery 使（某人）摆脱痛苦；（某人）不再提心吊胆

（译文）

（美联社2月10日悉尼）：

澳洲致命山火中的特殊邂逅：消防员给一只受伤的考拉喂水。

消防员戴维·特里在执行灭火任务时发现，一只考拉正拖着烧伤的爪子缓慢地移动。显然它受了重伤，但当它看到特里时便立刻停了下来。特里10日在接受美联社记者的采访时说：“这实在太不可思议了！它环顾四周，坐了下来，然后看着我，仿佛要我救它。我打开一瓶水喂给它，它很自然地喝了起来，抓着瓶子，像个婴儿。”

消防员们随即通知了当地野生动物官员。澳大利亚动物福利组织当天已把这只考拉带走，而就在前一天山火严重肆虐了维多利亚州南部地区。

特里表示：“我热爱动物，我曾经照看过考拉。尽管他们不是最友好的动物，但我仍愿意帮助它。”

考拉之所以被称为“树袋熊”，是因为他们和孩子手中玩的泰迪熊长得很像，然而这种有袋动物却脾气暴躁，常喜欢大声咆哮。它们很少下树，也不喜欢在地上爬行，因而一旦山火来袭，它们便显得十分脆弱。

这场山火摧毁了大片公园和森林，使得袋熊等野生动物惊慌失措，四处奔逃。一位当地居民甚至看到一只尾巴着火的袋鼠逃到了公路上。大火同样将许多农场夷为平地，牛羊家畜损失惨重。电视画面中显示，在一座被烧焦的小镇里，一群奶牛在道路上奔逃。在这场山火中，野生动物伤亡惨重。

在维州首府墨尔本东南约150公里的米尔布诺思附近，戴维·特里在一片烧焦了的森林里发现了这只考拉。由于能够从桉树叶中得到足够多的水分，因此考拉一般不喝水。在给这只受伤的考拉喂完水后，特里一行队员又向灾区继续前行，随后澳大利亚动物福利组织来到了这里。

花楸野生动物收容所的工作人员詹妮·肖向墨尔本《先驱太阳报》透露，虽然这只考拉受了伤，但在注射了抗生素后它便能够康复。“她太可爱了，还很温顺，并且有一只雄性考拉一直抱着她，可见她已经有了追求者。她的康复过程将会十分漫长，但大约在五个月后，她会被放归大自然。”

澳大拉亚皇家动物保护协会说，他们正在筹建一个动物庇护所，供遭受到火灾影响的宠物和家畜栖身。

也许是营救的时候还不知道她的性别，这只因大火出了名的雌性考拉被取了个男孩的名字叫“萨姆”。

◎ 译外闲谈：

这幅温馨的画面，勾起了我在澳洲旅行的记忆。想起了悉尼海德公园的绿意盎然，想起了布里斯班动物园的那只树袋熊，想起了伊丽莎白老师那句临别赠言：Don't forget the blue sky and the red shoes!

盖逝者如斯夫，别君四载！

『譯作 · THE LIMNER』

画匠（节选）

[英] 朱利安·巴恩斯

译 / 顾忆青

（译文）

维兹华斯开始关心起顾客对他说的话了。虽然在他看来这很重要，但他始终没让自己的视线离开画笔。他指着一本装订像样的笔记本让顾客把话写下来。这本子里记着的都是那些曾经被画像的人褒贬不一的留言，有些倒是挺明智，有些则显得很愚蠢。他也可能会随手翻到一页，就让顾客写下适当的意见。一旁已经写有过去某个顾客的留言，那可能是五年甚至十年以前的事了。迄今为止，这个征税员的留言最无新意可言，就如同他马甲上那些中规中矩的纽扣，更别提有趣了。幸运的是，画这个马甲，维兹华斯可是收费的，然而满足顾客的额外要求则不一样了。当然，事实要复杂得多。他画马甲、假发和马裤的时候，其实就是按照顾客的要求画的——确切地说，画的是整个身体。马甲和马裤将他下半身画了出来，假发和帽子则勾勒出下面的脑袋。在某些情况下，这只是一种夸张的画法，随便哪个脑袋其实都一样。

（原文）

The Limner
(Excerpt)

by Julian Barnes

From the edge of his eye, Wadsworth became aware that his client had spoken, but he did not divert his gaze from the tip of his brush. Instead he pointed to the bound notebook in which so many sitters had written comments, expressed their praise and blame, wisdom and fatuity. He might as well have opened the book at any page and asked his client to select the appropriate remark left by a predecessor five or ten years before. The opinions of this customs collector so far had been as predictable as his waistcoat buttons, if less interesting. Fortunately, Wadsworth was paid to represent waistcoats, not opinions. Of course, it was more complicated than that: to represent the waistcoat, and the wig, and the breeches, was to represent an opinion—indeed, a whole corpus of them. The waistcoat and breeches showed the body beneath, as the wig and hat showed the brain beneath—though, in some cases, it was a pictorial exaggeration to suggest that any brains lay beneath.

◎ 关于作者：Julian Barnes

朱利安·巴恩斯（1946-），英国后现代主义作家。自1980年以来，他就跻身于英国80年代最具影响力的作家群之列，他和马丁·艾米斯（Martin Amis）、伊恩·麦克伊万（Ian McEwan，《赎罪》的作者）一道成为当代英国文坛的佼佼者。他下笔极有灵气，睿智过人，文字俏丽圆熟，技艺炉火纯青。凭借其《福楼拜的鹦鹉》（Flaubert's Parrot, 1984）、《英格兰，英格兰》（England, England, 1998）、《亚瑟与乔治》（Arthur & George, 2005），巴恩斯三度冲击“布克奖”；他还曾获得“杰弗里·费伯纪念奖”、“福斯特奖”、“古腾堡奖”、“莎士比亚奖”及法国“美第契外国作品奖”（1986）和“费米娜外国小说奖”（1992）。

◎ 延伸阅读：

The Limner by Julian Barnes
(from The New Yorker, January 5, 2009 )

『譯赏 · 在劍橋大學的演講 』

用发展的眼光看中国
See China in the Light of Her Development

━━在英国剑桥大学的演讲
Speech at the University of Cambridge

中华人民共和国国务院总理 温家宝
2009年2月2日

Premier Wen Jiabao
of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
2 February 2009

尊敬的理查德校长，女士们，先生们：
Vice Chancellor Alison Richard, Ladies and Gentlemen,

      来到向往已久的剑桥大学，非常高兴。剑桥举世闻名，培养出牛顿、达尔文、培根等许多杰出的科学家、思想家，为人类文明进步作出了重要贡献。今年是剑桥建校800周年，我谨致以热烈祝贺！
      It gives me great pleasure to come to Cambridge, a world-renowned university that I have long wanted to visit. Cambridge has produced many great scientists and thinkers Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin and Francis Bacon, to name but a few, and made important contribution to the progress of human civilization. This year marks the 800th anniversary of the university. Please accept my warm congratulations.

      这是我第四次访问英国。中英相距遥远，但两国人民的友好交往不断增多。香港问题的圆满解决，经贸、文教、科技等领域的有效合作，为发展中英全面战略伙伴关系奠定了坚实基础。在此，我向长期致力于中英友好的朋友们表示崇高的敬意！
      This is my fourth visit to your country. Despite the great distance between China and Britain, the friendly exchanges between our peoples have been on the rise. The successful resolution of the question of Hong Kong and fruitful cooperation between our two countries in areas such as economy, trade, culture, education, science and technology have cemented the foundation of our comprehensive strategic partnership. Here, I wish to pay high tribute to all those who have been working tirelessly to promote friendly ties between our two countries.

      今天，我演讲的题目是：用发展的眼光看中国。
      The title of my speech today is "See China in the Light of Her Development".

      我深深爱着的祖国——古老而又年轻。
      My beloved motherland is a country both old and young.

      说她古老，她是一个有着数千年文明史的东方大国。中华民族以自己的勤劳和智慧，创造了灿烂的古代文明，对人类发展作出过重大贡献。
      She is old, because she is a big Oriental country with a civilization stretching back several thousand years. With diligence and wisdom, the Chinese nation created a splendid civilization and made significant contributions to the progress of humanity.

      说她年轻，新中国成立才60年，改革开放才30年。中国人民经过长期不懈的斗争建立了新中国，又经过艰苦的探索，终于找到了适合国情的发展道路——中国特色社会主义道路，文明古国焕发了青春活力。
      She is young, because the People's Republic is just 60 years old, and the country began reform and opening-up only 30 years ago. The Chinese people established the New China after unremitting struggles and ultimately found a development path suited to China's national conditions through painstaking efforts. This is the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Following this path, our ancient civilization has been rejuvenated.

      中国改革开放，最重要的是解放思想，最根本、最具有长远意义的是体制创新。我们推进经济体制改革，建立了社会主义市场经济体制。在政府的宏观调控下，充分发挥市场对资源配置的基础性作用。我们深化政治体制改革，把发展民主和完善法制结合起来，实行人民当家作主，依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家。
      The key element of China's reform and opening-up is to free people's mind and the most fundamental and significant component is institutional innovation. Through economic reform, we have built a socialist market economy, where the market plays a primary role in allocating resources under government macro-regulation. We have carried out political reform, promoted democracy and improved the legal system. People are the masters of the country. We run the country according to law and endeavor to build a socialist country under the rule of law.

      改革开放的实质，就是坚持以人为本，通过解放和发展生产力满足人们日益增长的物质文化需求，在公正的条件下促进人的全面发展；就是保障人民的民主权利，让国家政通人和、兴旺发达；就是维护人的尊严和自由，让每个人的智慧和力量得以迸发，成功地追求自己的幸福生活。
      The essence of China's reform and opening-up is to put people first and meet their ever growing material and cultural needs through releasing and developing productive forces. It aims to give everyone equal opportunities for all-round development. It aims to protect the democratic rights of the people and promote stability, harmony and prosperity across the land. And it aims to safeguard the dignity and freedom of everyone so that he or she may pursue happiness with ingenuity and hard work.

      30年来，中国贫困人口减少了2亿多，人均寿命提高了5岁，8300万残疾人得到政府和社会的特殊关爱，这是中国保障人权的光辉业绩。九年免费义务教育的推行，农村合作医疗制度的建立，社会保障体系的完善，使学有所教、病有所医、老有所养的理想，正在变为现实。
      Over the past three decades, more than 200 million Chinese have been lifted out of poverty, the average life expectancy has increased by 5 years, and the 83 million people with disabilities in China have received special care from the government and the society. All this points to the tremendous efforts China has made to protect human rights. We have introduced free nine-year compulsory education throughout the country, established the cooperative medical system in the rural areas and improved the social safety net. The age-old dream of the Chinese nation is being turned into reality a dream to see the young educated, the sick treated and the old cared for.

      我愿借用两句唐诗形容中国的现状：“潮平两岸阔，风正一帆悬。”中国人正在努力实现现代化，这是一个古而又新的发展中大国进行的一场伟大实践。掌握了自己命运的中国人民，对未来充满信心！
      I want to quote from a Tang Dynasty poem to describe what is happening in China, "From shore to shore it is wide at high tide, and before fair wind a sail is lifting." The Chinese people are working hard to modernize their country. This is a great practice in a large developing country both ancient and new. The Chinese people, with destiny in their own hands, are full of confidence in their future.

      我深深爱着的祖国——历经磨难而又自强不息。
      My beloved motherland is a country that stood numerous vicissitudes but never gave up.

      我年轻时曾长期工作在中国的西北地区。在那浩瀚的沙漠中，生长着一种稀有的树种，叫胡杨。它扎根地下50多米，抗干旱、斗风沙、耐盐碱，生命力极其顽强。它“生而一千年不死，死而一千年不倒，倒而一千年不朽”，世人称为英雄树。我非常喜欢胡杨，它是中华民族坚韧不拔精神的象征。
      Earlier in my career, I worked in northwest China for many years. There, in the boundless desert, grows a rare variety of tree called euphrates poplar. Rooted over 50 meters down the ground, they thrive in hostile environments, defying droughts, sandstorms and salinization. They are known as the "hero tree", because a euphrates poplar can live for a thousand years. Even after it dies, it stands upright for a thousand years, and even after it falls, it stays intact for another thousand years. I like euphrates poplar because they symbolize the resilience of the Chinese nation.

      千百年来，中华民族一次次战胜了天灾人祸，渡过了急流险滩，昂首挺胸地走到今天。深重的灾难，铸就了她百折不挠、自强不息的品格。中华民族的历史证明了一个真理：一个民族在灾难中失去的，必将从民族的进步中得到补偿。
      Over the millennia, the Chinese nation has weathered numerous disasters, both natural and man-made, surmounted all kinds of difficulties and challenges, and made her way to where she proudly stands today. The long sufferings have only made her a nation of fortitude and perseverance. The experience of the Chinese nation attests to a truth: what a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress.

      此时此刻，我不禁想起在汶川地震灾区的亲身经历。去年5月，四川汶川发生震惊世界的特大地震，北川中学被夷为平地，孩子伤亡惨重。可是，时隔10天，当我第二次来到这里时，乡亲们已在废墟上搭起了板房教室，校园里又回荡着孩子们朗朗的读书声。当时我在黑板上，给同学们写下了“多难兴邦”几个字。地震发生以来，我7次到汶川灾区，碰到这样感人的事迹不胜枚举。我为我们中华民族这种愈挫愈奋的精神深深感动。这种伟大的精神，正是我们的民族饱经忧患而愈益坚强、生生不息的力量源泉。
      I am reminded of the experience that I had in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province after the devastating earthquake there last May. That earthquake shocked the whole world. It flattened Beichuan Middle School and claimed many young lives. But only 10 days after the earthquake, when I went there for the second time, I had before my eyes new classrooms built on debris by local villagers with planks. Once again, the campus echoed with the sound of students reading aloud. I wrote down 4 Chinese characters on the blackboard, meaning "A country will emerge stronger from adversities." I have been to Wenchuan seven times since the earthquake and witnessed countless touching scenes like this. I am deeply moved by the unyielding spirit of my people. This great national spirit is the source of strength which has enabled the Chinese nation to emerge from all the hardships stronger than before.

      经过半个多世纪的艰苦奋斗，中国有了比较大的发展，经济总量跃居世界前列，但我们仍然是一个发展中国家，同发达国家相比还有很大的差距。人口多，底子薄，发展不平衡，这种基本国情还没有从根本上得到改变。中国的人均GDP水平，排在世界100位之后，仅为英国的1/16左右。到过中国旅游的朋友，你们所看到的城市是现代的，而我们的农村还比较落后。
      With hard work over the past half century and more, China has achieved great progress. Its total economic output is now one of the largest in the world. However, we remain a developing country and we are keenly aware of the big gap that we have with the developed countries. There has been no fundamental change in our basic national condition: a big population, weak economic foundation and uneven development. China's per capita GDP ranks behind 100 countries in the world and is only about 1/18 that of Britain. Those of you who have been to China as tourists must have seen the modern cities, but our rural areas are still quite backward.

      到本世纪中叶，中国要基本实现现代化，面临三大历史任务：既要努力实现欧洲早已完成的工业化，又要追赶新科技革命的浪潮；既要不断提高经济发展水平，又要实现社会公平正义；既要实现国内的可持续发展，又要承担相应的国际责任。中国要赶上发达国家水平，还有很长很长的路要走，还会遇到许多艰难险阻。但是，任何困难都阻挡不住中国人民前进的步伐，只要我们坚持不懈地努力奋斗，中国现代化的目标就一定能够实现。
      To basically achieve modernization by the middle of this century, we must accomplish three major tasks: first, achieve industrialization, which Europe has long completed, while keeping abreast of the latest trends of the scientific and technological revolution; second, promote economic growth while ensuring social equity and justice; and third, pursue sustainable development at home while accepting our share of international responsibilities. The journey ahead will be long and arduous, but no amount of difficulty will stop the Chinese people from marching forward. Through persistent efforts, we will reach our goal.

      我深深爱着的祖国——珍视传统而又开放兼容。
      My beloved motherland is a country that values her traditions while opening her arms to the outside world.

      中华传统文化底蕴深厚、博大精深。“和”在中国古代历史上被奉为最高价值，是中华文化的精髓。中国古老的经典——《尚书》就提出“百姓昭明，协和万邦”的理想，主张人民和睦相处，国家友好往来。
      The traditional Chinese culture is rich, extensive and profound. Harmony, the supreme value cherished in ancient China, lies at the heart of the Chinese culture. The Book of History, an ancient classic in China for example, advocates amity among people and friendly exchanges among nations.

      “和为贵”的文化传统，哺育了中华民族宽广博大的胸怀。我们的民族，既能像大地承载万物一样，宽厚包容；又能像苍天刚健运行一样，彰显正义。
      The Chinese cultural tradition values peace as the most precious. This has nurtured the broad mind of the Chinese nation. The Chinese nation is generous and tolerant, just as Mother Earth cares for all living things. She is in constant pursuit of justice, just as the eternal movement of the Universe.

      15世纪，中国着名航海家郑和七下西洋，到过三十几个国家。他带去了中国的茶叶、丝绸、瓷器，还帮助沿途有的国家剿灭海盗，真正做到了播仁爱于友邦。
      In the 15th century, the famous Chinese navigator Zheng He led seven maritime expeditions to the Western Seas and reached over 30countries. He took with him Chinese tea, silk and porcelain and helped local people fight pirates as he sailed along. He was truly a messenger of love and friendship.

      国强必霸，不适合中国。称霸，既有悖于我们的文化传统，也违背中国人民意志。中国的发展不损害任何人，也不威胁任何人。中国要做和平的大国、学习的大国、合作的大国，致力于建设一个和谐的世界。
      The argument that a big power is bound to seek hegemony does not apply to China. Seeking hegemony goes against China's cultural tradition as well as the will of the Chinese people. China's development harms no one and threatens no one. We shall be a peace-loving country, a country that is eager to learn from and cooperate with others. We are committed to building a harmonious world.

      不同国家、不同民族的文化，需要相互尊重、相互包容和相互学习。今天的中国，有3亿人在学英语，有100多万青年人在国外留学。我们的电视、广播、出版等新闻传媒，天天都在介绍世界各地的文化艺术。正因为我们善于在交流中学习，在借鉴中收获，才有今天中国的繁荣和进步。
      Different countries and nations need to respect, tolerate and learn from each other's culture. Today, 300 million Chinese are learning English and over one million of our young people are studying abroad. The cultures and arts of various parts of the world are featured daily on China's television, radio and print media. Had we not learned from others through exchanges and enriched ourselves by drawing on others' experience, we would not have enjoyed today's prosperity and progress.

      进入21世纪，经济全球化、信息网络化，已经把世界连成一体，文化的发展将不再是各自封闭的，而是在相互影响中多元共存。一个国家、一个民族对人类文化贡献的大小，越来越取决于她吸收外来文化的能力和自我更新的能力。中国将永远坚持开放兼容的方针，既珍视传统，又博采众长，用文明的方式、和谐的方式实现经济繁荣和社会进步。
      In the 21st century, economic globalization and the information network have linked us all together. Different cultures live together and influence each other. No culture can flourish in isolation. How much a country or a nation contributes to the culture of humanity is increasingly determined by her ability to absorb foreign cultures and renew herself. That is why China will remain open and receptive, value her own traditions while drawing on others' successful experience, and achieve economic prosperity and social progress in a civilized and harmonious way.

      女士们，先生们！
      Ladies and Gentlemen,

      我之所以强调用发展的眼光看中国，就是因为世界在变，中国也在变。如今的中国，早已不是一百年前封闭落后的旧中国，也不是30年前贫穷僵化的中国。经过改革开放，中国的面貌已焕然一新。北京奥运会向世界展示的，就是这样一个古老、多彩和现代的中国。我希望朋友们，多到中国走一走、看一看，了解今天的中国人究竟在想什么、做什么、关心什么。这样，有助于你们认识一个真实的、不断发展变化着的中国，也有助于你们了解中国是如何应对当前这场全球性金融危机的。
      I stress the importance of seeing China in the light of her development, because the world is changing and China is changing. China is no longer the closed and backward society it was 100 years ago, or the poor and ossified society 30 years ago. Thanks to reform and opening-up, China has taken on a new look. What the Beijing Olympic Games showcased is a colorful China, both ancient and modern. I therefore encourage you to visit China more often and see more places there. This way, you will better understand what the Chinese people are thinking and doing, and what they are interested in. You will get to know the true China, a country constantly developing and changing. You will also better appreciate how China has been tackling the ongoing global financial crisis.

      在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中，中国和包括英国在内的欧洲都受到严重冲击。现在危机尚未见底，由此可能带来的各种严重后果还难以预料。合作应对、共渡难关，是我们的首要任务。
      This unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on both China and Britain as well as other European countries. The crisis has not yet hit the bottom, and it is hard to predict what further damage it may cause. To work together and tide over the difficulties has become our top priority.

      我认为，应对全球性危机，需要增进合作。有多大程度的相互信任，就可能有多大程度的合作。中国政府主张：第一，要首先办好各国自己的事情，不把麻烦推给别人；第二，要精诚合作，不搞以邻为壑；第三，要标本兼治，不能头疼医头、脚疼医脚。我在达沃斯会议上已重申，应该对国际货币金融体系进行必要的改革，建立公平、公正、包容、有序的国际金融新秩序，努力营造有利于全球经济发展的制度环境。
      I believe that closer cooperation is needed to meet the global crisis, and the level of cooperation hinges upon the level of mutual trust. The Chinese Government maintains that countries should: first and foremost, run their own affairs well and refrain from shifting troubles onto others; second, carry out cooperation with full sincerity and avoid pursuing one's own interests at the expense of others; and third, address both the symptoms and the root cause of the problem. A palliative approach will not work. We should not treat only the head when the head aches, and the foot when the foot hurts. As I reiterated at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in Davos, necessary reform of the international monetary and financial systems should be carried out to establish a new international financial order that is fair, equitable, inclusive and well-managed. We should create an institutional environment conducive to global economic growth.

      这里我想谈一谈中国是如何应对这场金融危机的。
      Let me talk briefly about how China has been responding to the crisis.

      金融危机对中国实体经济的影响日益显现。从去年第三季度以来，出口大幅下滑，经济增速放缓，就业压力加大。中国经济面临着严峻的局面。面对危机，我们果断决策，及时调整宏观经济政策取向，迅速出台扩大国内需求的十项措施，陆续制定了一系列政策，形成了系统完整的促进经济平稳较快发展的一揽子计划。主要包括以下几个方面：
      The fallout of the financial crisis on China's real economy is becoming more evident. Since the third quarter of last year, our exports have declined sharply, economic growth has slowed down, and the pressure on employment has been rising. In the face of the grim situation, we have acted decisively. We have made timely adjustment to the direction of our macroeconomic policy, promptly introduced ten measures to expand domestic demand, and formulated a series of related policies. Together, they make up a systematic and comprehensive package plan aimed at promoting steady and relatively fast economic growth. Its main contents are:

      一是大规模增加政府支出扩大内需。中国政府推出了以财政支出带动社会投资，总额达4万亿元的两年计划，规模相当于2007年中国GDP的16%。主要投向保障性安居工程、农村民生工程、铁路交通等基础设施、社会事业、生态环保建设和地震灾后恢复重建。中国政府还推出了大规模的减税计划，一年可减轻企业和居民负担约5000亿元。我们还大幅度降息和增加银行体系流动性，出台了一系列金融措施。
      First, substantially increase government spending to boost domestic demand. The Chinese Government has announced a two-year investment program that will generate, through fiscal spending, a total investment of RMB 4 trillion nationwide, equivalent to 16% of China's GDP in 2007. The money will mainly go into government-subsidized housing, projects related to the well-being of rural residents, the construction of railway and other infrastructural projects, social development programs, environmental protection and post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction. The Chinese Government has introduced a massive tax-cut program, which will reduce the tax burdens on businesses and individuals by about RMB 500 billion each year. We have also cut interest rates by a large margin, increased liquidity in the banking system and adopted a range of financial measures.

      二是大范围实施产业调整振兴计划。我们全面推进产业结构调整和优化升级，制定汽车、钢铁等十个重点产业的调整和振兴规划。我们采取经济和技术的措施，大力推进节能减排，推进企业兼并重组，提高产业集中度和资源配置效率。我们鼓励和支持企业广泛应用新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料，开发适销对路产品。
      Second, implement a large-scale industrial restructuring and rejuvenation program. We are pushing forward industrial restructuring and upgrading across the board and formulating plans for the restructuring and revitalization of ten key industries, including automobiles and iron and steel. We will take economic and technological measures to boost energy conservation and reduce emissions, and promote merger and reorganization of enterprises to raise the level of industry concentration and the efficiency of resource allocation. We encourage and support the extensive application of new technologies, techniques, equipment and materials and the development of marketable products by enterprises.

      三是大力推进科技进步和创新。科技是克服金融危机的根本力量。每一场大的危机常常伴随一场新的科技革命；每一次经济的复苏，都离不开技术创新。我们加快实施国家中长期科学和技术发展规划，特别是核心电子器件、核能开发利用、高档数控机床等16个重大专项，突破一批核心技术和关键共性技术，为中国经济在更高水平上实现可持续发展提供科技支撑。推动发展高新技术产业群，培育新的经济增长点。我们就是要依靠科学技术的重大突破，创造新的社会需求，催生新一轮的经济繁荣。
      Third, make energetic efforts for progress and innovation in science and technology. Science and technology are of fundamental importance in overcoming the financial crisis. A major crisis is usually followed by a revolution in science and technology, and no economic recovery is possible without technological innovation. We are stepping up the implementation of the National Program for Medium- and Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development, with special emphasis on 16 major projects including core electronic devices, development and use of nuclear energy and advanced numerically controlled machine tools. We will strive to make breakthroughs in a host of core technologies and key generic technologies to support sustainable economic growth at a higher level. We will promote the development of high-tech industrial clusters and cultivate new economic growth areas. All in all, we will rely on major breakthroughs in science and technology to foster new social demand and bring about a new round of economic boom.

      四是大幅度提高社会保障水平。继续提高企业退休人员基本养老金，提高失业保险金和工伤保险金标准，提高城乡低保、农村五保等保障水平。积极推进医药卫生体制改革，力争用三年时间基本建成覆盖全国城乡的基本医疗卫生制度，初步实现人人享有基本医疗卫生服务。我们坚持优先发展教育，正在制定《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》。我们实施更加积极的就业政策，重点解决高校毕业生和农民工就业问题。开辟就业岗位，缓解就业压力。我们采取这些措施，把扩大国内需求、调整振兴产业、加强科技支撑、强化社会保障结合起来，把拉动经济增长和改善民生、增加就业结合起来，把克服当前困难和促进长远发展结合起来。这样做，有利于中国的发展，也将给包括英国在内的世界各国企业带来巨大的商机。
      Fourth, significantly raise the level of social security. We will continue to increase basic pension for enterprise retirees and upgrade the standard of unemployment insurance and workers' compensation. We will raise the level of basic cost of living allowances in both urban and rural areas and welfare allowances for those rural residents without family support. We are advancing the reform of the medical and health system and working to put in place a nationwide basic medical and health system covering both urban and rural areas within three years and achieve the goal of everyone having access to basic medical and health service. We give priority to education and are now working on the Guidelines of the National Program for Medium- and Long-Term Educational Reform and Development. We are following a more active employment policy with special emphasis on helping college graduates and migrant workers find jobs. We are endeavoring to create more jobs and lessen the impact of the financial crisis on employment. The aforementioned measures will help us boost domestic demand, readjust and reinvigorate industries, enhance the support of science and technology and strengthen social security all at the same time. They will stimulate consumption through increased investment, drive economic growth while improving people's livelihood and creating more jobs, and see us through current difficulties while also improving the long-term prospect of the Chinese economy. They will not only benefit China's development, but also bring enormous business opportunities to other countries, Britain included.

      这场百年一遇的金融危机，留给世人的思考是沉重的。它警示人们，对现行的经济体制和经济理论，应该进行深刻的反思。
      This once-in-a-century financial crisis is truly thought-provoking. It reminds us of the need to have serious reflections on the existing economic systems and theories.

      中国曾长期实行高度集中的计划经济，把计划看成是绝对的，束缚了生产力的发展。这场金融危机使我们看到，市场也不是万能的，一味放任自由，势必引起经济秩序的混乱和社会分配的不公，最终受到惩罚。真正的市场化改革，决不会把市场机制与国家宏观调控对立起来。既要发挥市场这只看不见的手的作用，又要发挥政府和社会监管这只看得见的手的作用。两手都要硬，两手同时发挥作用，才能实现按照市场规律配置资源，也才能使资源配置合理、协调、平衡、可持续。
      For many years in the past, China practiced a highly centralized planned economy and regarded planning as being absolute. This hampered the development of productivity. The ongoing financial crisis has made it clear to us, however, that the market is not a cure-all, either. A totally laissez-faire approach will inevitably lead to economic disorder and unfair social distribution, and will eventually take its toll. A credible market-oriented reform should never set the market against government macro-regulation. The invisible hand of the market and the visible hand of government and social supervision should both act, and act vigorously. Only in this way can resources be distributed according to market rules and distributed in a reasonable, coordinated, balanced and sustainable manner.

      国际金融危机再次告诉人们，不受监管的市场经济是多么可怕。从上世纪90年代以来，一些经济体疏于监管，一些金融机构受利益驱动，利用数十倍的金融杠杆进行超额融资，在获取高额利润的同时，把巨大的风险留给整个世界。这充分说明，不受管理的市场经济是注定行不通的。因此，必须处理好金融创新与金融监管的关系、虚拟经济与实体经济的关系、储蓄与消费的关系。
      The international financial crisis once again shows how dangerous a market economy without regulation can be. Since the 1990s, some profit-driven financial institutions in economies lacking effective regulation have raised massive capital with a leverage of dozens of times. While they reaped huge profits, the world was exposed to enormous risks. This fully demonstrates that a totally unregulated market economy cannot work. We must strike a balance between financial innovation and regulation, between the financial sector and real economy, and between savings and consumption.

      有效应对这场危机，还必须高度重视道德的作用。道德是世界上最伟大的，道德的光芒甚至比阳光还要灿烂。真正的经济学理论，决不会同最高的伦理道德准则产生冲突。经济学说应该代表公正和诚信，平等地促进所有人，包括最弱势人群的福祉。被誉为现代经济学之父的亚当·斯密在《道德情操论》中指出：“如果一个社会的经济发展成果不能真正分流到大众手中，那么它在道义上将是不得人心的，而且是有风险的，因为它注定要威胁社会稳定。”道德缺失是导致这次金融危机的一个深层次原因。一些人见利忘义，损害公众利益，丧失了道德底线。我们应该倡导：企业要承担社会责任，企业家身上要流淌着道德的血液。
      To effectively meet the crisis, we must fully recognize the role of morality. Nothing is greater than morality. It shines even more brightly than the sun. True economic theories will never come into conflict with the highest moral and ethical standards. Instead, they should stand for justice and integrity, and contribute in an equal way to the well-being of all people, including the most vulnerable ones. Adam Smith, known as the father of modern economics, held the view in The Theory of Moral Sentiments that if the fruits of a society's economic development cannot be shared by all, it is morally unsound and risky, as it is bound to jeopardize social stability. The loss of morality is an underlying cause for the current crisis. Some people have sacrificed principle and sought profits at the expense of public interests. They have crossed the moral baseline. We should call on all enterprises to take up their social responsibilities. Within the body of every businessman should flow the blood of morality.

      女士们，先生们！
      Ladies and Gentlemen,

      英国是我这次欧洲之行的最后一站。这次访问，加深了我对欧洲的了解。中欧合作已经站在一个新的历史起点上。我对中欧发展全面战略伙伴关系更加充满信心。我们之间不存在历史遗留问题，也不存在根本利害冲突。中欧合作基础坚实，前景光明。英国是最早进入现代化的国家，你们在发展经济、保护环境等方面，都有许多成功的经验。我们愿意向你们学习，加强交流与合作。
      Britain is the last leg of my European trip. I have gained a deeper understanding of Europe through this visit. China-EU cooperation is now standing at a new historical starting point and I am all the more confident about the China-EU comprehensive strategic partnership. There are no outstanding issues left over from history or conflict of fundamental interests between the two sides. What we have is a solid foundation and a bright future for cooperation. As the first industrialized country, Britain has accumulated rich experience in economic development and environmental protection. We hope to learn from your experience and strengthen exchanges and cooperation with you.

      未来属于青年一代。中英关系的美好前景要靠青年去开拓。抚今追昔，我想起对中英文化交流作出重要贡献的剑桥校友李约瑟博士。他的鸿篇巨着《中国科学技术史》，在东西方两大文明之间架起了一座桥梁。继承传统、勇于创新，是剑桥大学的优秀品格。希望更多的剑桥人关注中国，用发展的眼光看中国，做中英交流的友好使者。我相信，只要中英两国青年相互学习，携手共进，一定会谱写出中英关系的崭新篇章。
      The future belongs to the younger generation. It is incumbent upon you to build an even more splendid future of China-Britain relations. Here and now, I cannot but mention Dr. Joseph Needham, a Cambridge alumnus who made important contribution to cultural exchanges between China and Britain. With his monumental masterpiece, Science and Civilization in China, he built a bridge between the two great civilizations of East and West. To honor tradition and innovation is the outstanding character of Cambridge. I hope more of you will turn your eyes to China, see my country in the light of her development, and act as ambassadors of China-Britain friendship. I believe that as long as you, the young people of China and Britain learn from each other and strive for progress hand in hand, you will add a brilliant new chapter to the annals of our relations.

      谢谢大家！
      Thank you!

◎ 视频/Video：

【后记】尽管演讲中发生了掷鞋干扰事件，然而总理用他的智慧从容应对迎得满堂喝彩。他说：“这种卑鄙伎俩阻挡不了中英两国人民的友谊。人类的进步、世界的和谐是历史潮流，是任何力量都阻挡不了的。”剑桥大学副校长理查德教授（Alison Richard）表示：“我们对温总理来剑桥瑞德讲坛发表演讲深感荣幸。我很高兴在剑桥800周年校庆之际接受总理赠送的‘中华数字书苑’。（We were much honoured that Premier Wen gave the Rede Lecture this afternoon, and I was delighted to accept his gift of the China Digital Library, in recognition of the University's 800th Anniversary.）我对某个人违反剑桥大学传统，不尊重演讲者的行为表示非常遗憾。剑桥大学是理性争鸣和辩论的场所，不是掷鞋的地方。（I deeply regret that a single member of the audience this afternoon failed to show the respect for our speaker that is customary at Cambridge. This university is a place for considered argument and debate, not for shoe-throwing.）”（顾忆青）

◎ 延伸阅读：

●   英国剑桥大学官方报道： The Official Report of Cambridge
●   温家宝总理演讲推荐：《同文学艺术家谈心》（2006/11/13）

『譯作 · A VIEW OF MOUNTAINS』

唯见青山（选段）

[美] 乔纳森·谢尔

译 / 顾忆青

（译文）

从山端庸介所拍摄的照片中，我们能够窥见世界末日的图景。但现如今，我们所面临的挑战，不仅仅是认识到核武器造成的巨大危害，而且还要把握天赐良机彻底消除它。值此之际，我们似乎还需要另一张照片，一张能够平复长崎的毁灭所带来的伤痛的照片，彰显我们成功所得的希望而非战败所失的家园。然而，那张照片该是什么样子的？ 我们如何呈现世界末日的反面？难道是受创之前完好无损又生机勃勃的长崎？或许是幸免于难的九洲岛？ 难道是一个孩子，一对母子？或者就是我们赖以生存的地球本身？看起来很难找到一幅合适的画面，因为对于现在和未来所有人的生命，我们如何给这般无穷变幻的事物，赋予一个具体有形的呈现？ 对世界末日的想象抑或是对现世延续的憧憬，必定是不甚全面的。唯有付诸行动才能令人满意。

终有一天，来临的新一代有能力照顾自己。而现在，我们应该鼓起勇气、坚守信念，秉承集体意志，去确保他们生存的权利，惟有这样他们方才得以存活。付此行动是现在活着的这几代人最为重大的责任。时间的赠与的永远是生命的礼物，如果我们明白该如何接受这个礼物的话。

（原文）

A View of Mountains
(Excerpt)

by Jonathan Schell

Yamahata's pictures afford a glimpse of the end of the world. Yet in our day, when the challenge is not just to apprehend the nuclear peril but to seize a God-given opportunity to dispel it once and for all, we seem to need, in addition, some other picture to counterpoise against ruined Nagasaki - one showing not what we would lose through our failure but what we would gain by our success. What should that picture be, though? How do you show the opposite of the end of the world? Should it be Nagasaki, intact and alive, before the bomb was dropped -- or perhaps the spared city of Kokura? Should it be a child, or mother and child or the earth itself? None seems adequate, for how can we give definite form to that which can assume infinite forms, namely the lives of all human beings, now and in the future? Imagination, faced with either the end of the world or its continuation, must remain incomplete. Only action can satisfy.

Once, the arrival in the world of new generations took care of itself. Now, they can come into existence only if, through an act of faith and collective will, we ensure their right to exist. Performing that act is the greatest of the responsiblity of the generations now alive. The gift of time is the gift of life, forever, if we know how to receive it.

◎ 关于作者：Jonathan Schell

乔纳森·谢尔（1943- ），是美国著名的改革派作家、耶鲁大学全球化研究中心访问学者，先后执教于耶鲁、普林斯顿以及哈佛等名校。他定期为《哈拨斯》（Harpen’s）、《外交事务》（Foreign Affairs）和《国家》（The Nation）等知名杂志撰稿。年轻时还一度作为《纽约客》（The New Yorker）杂志记者赴前线报道越南战争。这些经历使得他善于把握时代主题，并懂得如何以最清晰、最吸引人的方式向公众作阐述。主要著作有《边水村庄》（The Village of Ben Suc）、《地球的命运》（The Fate of the Earth）（1982年获普利策奖）、《不可征服的世界：力量、非暴力和人民的意志》（The Unconquerable World: Power, Nonviolence, and the Will of the People)等。 本文选自他的作品《时间的礼物：现在终止核武器》（The Gift of Time: The Case for Abolishing Nuclear Weapons Now）。

◎ 作品主题:

《唯见青山》这篇议论文从山端庸介的照片展开，作为核爆后第一个到达长崎的摄影师，他拍下长崎遭到原子弹轰炸后的情景。但是这些照片直到50年后才在纽约展出。此时，重要的已经不是照片本身，而是它们所蕴含的深意，为我们敲响了警钟，只要原子弹继续存在一天，人类就时刻生存在毁灭的阴影之下。作者呼吁我们这一代人勇敢地肩负起自己的责任，坚决销毁原子弹，给我们的子孙后代留下一个安全的成长环境。

『譯赏 · 世界經濟論壇2009年年會上的講話 』

坚定信心　加强合作 推动世界经济新一轮增长

Strengthen Confidence and Work Together
for A New Round of World Economic Growth

━━在世界经济论坛2009年年会上的特别致辞

中华人民共和国国务院总理　温家宝

Special Message by H.E. Wen Jiabao
Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
At the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2009

（2009年1月28日）

尊敬的施瓦布主席，女士们，先生们：
Professor Klaus Schwab, Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, Ladies and Gentlemen,

      很高兴出席世界经济论坛2009年年会，并发表特别致辞。首先，我要感谢施瓦布主席的盛情邀请和周到安排。本届年会意义特殊，【在历史罕见的国际金融危机之中，各国政要、企业家和专家学者聚集在这里，围绕“重塑危机后的世界”这一主题，共同探讨维护国际金融稳定、促进世界经济增长的举措，探索全球综合治理之道】，既有重要的现实意义，也体现了会议举办者的远见卓识。各方面热切期盼从这里听到富有智慧的声音，凝聚战胜危机的力量。我们有责任向世界传递信心、勇气和希望。我预祝本届年会取得成功！

      I am delighted to be here and address the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2009. Let me begin by thanking Chairman Schwab for his kind invitation and thoughtful arrangements. This annual meeting has a special significance. 【Amidst a global financial crisis rarely seen in history, it brings together government leaders, business people, experts and scholars of different countries to jointly explore ways to maintain international financial stability, promote world economic growth and better address global issues.】 Its theme -- "Shaping the Post-Crisis World" is highly relevant. It reflects the vision of its organizers. People from across the world are eager to hear words of wisdom from here that will give them strength to tide over the crisis. It is thus our responsibility to send to the world a message of confidence, courage and hope. I look forward to a successful meeting.

      我们正在经历的这场国际金融危机，使世界经济陷入上世纪大萧条以来最困难的境地。各国和国际社会纷纷采取积极应对措施，对提振信心、缓解危机、【防止金融体系崩溃和世界经济深度衰退】起到了重要作用。这场危机的原因是多方面的。主要是：有关经济体宏观经济政策不当、长期低储蓄高消费的发展模式难以为继；金融机构片面追逐利润而过度扩张；金融及评级机构缺乏自律，导致风险信息和资产定价失真；金融监管能力与金融创新不匹配，金融衍生品风险不断积聚和扩散。“吃一堑，长一智”。我们必须从中认真吸取教训，正确处理储蓄与消费的关系，金融创新与金融监管的关系，虚拟经济与实体经济的关系，【从根本上找到化解危机之策】。

      The ongoing international financial crisis has landed the world economy in the most difficult situation since last century's Great Depression. In the face of the crisis, countries and the international community have taken various measures to address it. These measures have played an important role in boosting confidence, reducing the consequences of the crisis, and 【forestalling a meltdown of the financial system and a deep global recession】. This crisis is attributable to a variety of factors and the major ones are: inappropriate macroeconomic policies of some economies and their unsustainable model of development characterized by prolonged low savings and high consumption; excessive expansion of financial institutions in a blind pursuit of profit; lack of self-discipline among financial institutions and rating agencies and the ensuing distortion of risk information and asset pricing; and the failure of financial supervision and regulation to keep up with financial innovations, which allowed the risks of financial derivatives to build and spread. As the saying goes, "A fall in the pit, a gain in your wit," we must draw lessons from this crisis and 【address its root causes】. In other words, we must strike a balance between savings and consumption, between financial innovation and regulation, and between the financial sector[?] and real economy.

      坦率地说，这场危机对中国经济也造成较大冲击，我们正面临严峻挑战。主要是：外部需求明显收缩，部分行业产能过剩，企业生产经营困难，城镇失业人员增多，经济增长下行的压力明显加大。

      The current crisis has inflicted a rather big impact on China's economy. We are facing severe challenges, including notably shrinking external demand, overcapacity in some sectors, difficult business conditions for enterprises, rising unemployment in urban areas and greater downward pressure on economic growth.

      中国作为一个负责任的大国，在危机中采取了积极负责的态度。我们把扩大国内有效需求特别是消费需求作为促进经济增长的基本立足点。及时调整宏观经济政策取向，果断实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策，迅速出台扩大国内需求的十项措施，陆续制定和实施一系列政策，【形成了系统完整的促进经济平稳较快发展的一揽子计划。

      As a big responsible country, China has acted in an active and responsible way during this crisis. We mainly rely on expanding effective domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, to boost economic growth. We have made timely adjustment to the direction of our macroeconomic policy, swiftly adopted a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately easy monetary policy, introduced ten measures to shore up domestic demand and put in place a series of related policies. 【Together, they make up a systematic and comprehensive package plan aimed at ensuring steady and relatively fast economic growth】.

      一是大规模增加政府支出和实施结构性减税。中国政府推出了总额达4万亿元的两年计划，规模相当于2007年中国GDP的16%，主要投向保障性安居工程、农村民生工程、铁路交通等基础设施、生态环保等方面的建设和地震灾后恢复重建，既有“十一五”规划内加快实施的项目，也有根据发展需要新增的项目。这个计划经过了科学论证，在资金保证上作了周密安排，其中中央政府计划投资1．18万亿元，并带动地方和社会资金参与建设。中国政府还推出了大规模的减税计划，主要是全面实施增值税转型，出台中小企业、房地产交易相关税收优惠政策等措施，取消和停征100项行政事业性收费，一年可减轻企业和居民负担约5000亿元。

      First, substantially increase government spending and implement a structural tax cut. The Chinese Government has rolled out a two-year program involving a total investment of RMB 4 trillion, equivalent to 16 percent of China's GDP in 2007. The investment will mainly go to government-subsidized housing projects, projects concerning the well-being of rural residents, railway construction and other infrastructural projects, environmental protection projects and post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction. Some of them are identified as priority projects in China's 11th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development. The rest are additional ones to meet the needs of the new situation. This two-year stimulus program has gone through scientific feasibility studies and is supported by a detailed financial arrangement. RMB 1.18 trillion will come from central government's budget, which is expected to generate funds from local governments and other sources. The Chinese Government has also launched a massive tax cut program which features the comprehensive transformation of the value-added tax, the adoption of preferential tax policies for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and real estate transactions, and the abolition or suspension of 100 items of administrative fees. It is expected to bring about a total saving of RMB 500 billion for businesses and households each year.

      二是大频度降息和增加银行体系流动性。中央银行连续五次下调金融机构存贷款利率，其中一年期存、贷款基准利率累计分别下调1．89和2．16个百分点，大幅度减轻企业财务负担。连续四次下调存款准备金率，大型金融机构累计下调2个百分点，中小型金融机构累计下调4个百分点，共释放流动性约8000亿元，使商业银行可用资金大幅增加。出台一系列金融促进经济增长的政策措施，扩大贷款总量，优化信贷结构，加大对“三农”、中小企业等方面的金融支持。

      Second, frequently cut interest rates and increase liquidity in the banking system. The central bank has cut deposit and lending rates of financial institutions five times in a row, with the one-year benchmark deposit and lending rates down by 1.89 percentage points and 2.16 percentage points respectively. Thus the financial burden of companies has been greatly reduced. The required reserve ratio has been lowered four times, adding up to a total reduction of 2 percentage points for large financial institutions and 4 percentage points for small and medium-sized ones. This has released around RMB 800 billion of liquidity and substantially increased funds available to commercial banks. A series of policy measures have been adopted in the financial sector to boost economic growth, including increasing lending, optimizing the credit structure, and providing greater financial support to agriculture and the SMEs.

      三是大范围实施产业调整振兴规划。我们抓住机遇全面推进产业结构调整和优化升级，制定汽车、钢铁等重点产业的调整和振兴规划，【既着眼于解决企业当前存在的困难，又致力于产业的长远发展】。采取有力措施，推进企业兼并重组，淘汰落后产能，发展先进生产力，提高产业集中度和资源配置效率。我们鼓励企业技术进步和技术改造，支持企业广泛应用新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料，调整产品结构，开发适销对路产品，提高生产经营水平。我们不断完善和落实金融支持政策，健全信用担保体系，放宽市场准入，支持中小企业发展。

      Third, implement the industrial restructuring and rejuvenation program on a large scale. We are seizing the opportunity to push ahead comprehensive industrial restructuring and upgrading. To this end, plans are being drawn up for key industries such as automobile and iron and steel, 【which not only focus on addressing the immediate difficulties of enterprises but also look toward their long-term development】. We have taken strong measures to facilitate the merger and reorganization of enterprises, phase out backward production capacity, promote advanced productive forces, and improve industry concentration and the efficiency of resource allocation. We encourage our enterprises to upgrade technologies and make technological renovation. We support them in making extensive use of new technologies, techniques, equipment and materials to restructure their product mix, develop marketable products and improve their competitiveness. Our financial support policies are being improved, a sound credit guarantee system installed and market access eased for the benefit of SME development.

      四是大力推进科技创新和技术改造。加快实施国家中长期科学和技术发展规划，特别是16个重大专项，突破一批核心技术和关键共性技术，为中国经济在更高水平上实现可持续发展提供科技支撑。推动发展高新技术产业群，创造新的社会需求，培育新的经济增长点。

      Fourth, actively encourage innovation and upgrading in science and technology. We are speeding up the implementation of the National Program for Medium- and Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development with a special focus on 16 key projects in order to make breakthroughs in core technologies and key generic technologies. This will provide scientific and technological support for China's sustainable economic development at a higher level. We are developing high-tech industrial clusters and creating new social demand and new economic growth areas.

      五是大幅度提高社会保障水平。我们加快完善社会保障体系，继续提高企业退休人员基本养老金，提高失业保险金和工伤保险金标准，提高城乡低保、农村五保等保障水平，提高优抚对象抚恤和生活补助标准。今年中央财政用于社会保障和就业的资金投入增幅将大大高于财政收入增速。

      Fifth, substantially raise the level of social security. We have accelerated the improvement of social safety net. We will continue to increase basic pension for enterprise retirees and upgrade the standard of unemployment insurance and workers' compensation. We will raise the level of basic cost of living allowances in both urban and rural areas, welfare allowances for those rural residents without family support and the special allowances and assistance to entitled groups. This year, the central budget for social security and employment will increase at a much higher rate than the growth of the overall fiscal revenue.

      我们积极推进医药卫生体制改革，力争用三年时间基本建成覆盖全国城乡的基本医疗卫生制度，初步实现人人享有基本医疗卫生服务，预计三年内各级政府将为此投入8500亿元。我们坚持优先发展教育，正在制定《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》。

      We are advancing the reform of the medical and health system and working to put in place a nationwide basic medical and health system covering both urban and rural areas within three years and achieve the goal of everyone having access to basic medical and health service. It is estimated that governments at all levels will invest RMB 850 billion for this purpose. We give priority to education and are now working on the Guidelines of the National Program for Medium- and Long-Term Educational Reform and Development.

      今年将进一步提高农村义务教育公用经费标准，加大对家庭经济困难学生的资助，提高中小学教师待遇，继续促进教育公平和优化教育结构。我们实施更加积极的就业政策，特别是出台了促进高校毕业生和农民工就业的各项政策措施，进一步开辟公益性就业岗位，【千方百计减缓金融危机对就业的影响】。

      This year, we will increase public funds for compulsory education in rural areas, offer more financial support to students from poor families and improve the well-being of middle and primary school teachers so as to promote equity in education and optimize the educational structure. 【We are using every possible means to lessen the impact of the financial crisis on employment. 】We are following a more active employment policy. In particular, we have introduced various policy measures to help college graduates and migrant workers find jobs and provided more government-funded jobs in public service.

      总的看，这些重大政策措施，注重【标本兼治、远近结合，综合协调、相互促进】，把扩大国内需求、调整振兴产业、推进科技创新、加强社会保障结合起来，把增加投资和刺激消费结合起来，把克服当前困难和促进长远发展结合起来，把拉动经济增长和改善民生结合起来，对于动员全社会力量共同应对危机，起到了关键性作用。

      These major policy measures as a whole【target both symptoms and root causes, and address both immediate and long-term concerns. They represent a holistic approach and are mutually reinforcing】. They are designed to address the need to boost domestic demand, readjust and reinvigorate industries, encourage scientific innovation and strengthen social security. They are designed to stimulate consumption through increased investment, overcome the current difficulties with long-term development in mind, and promote economic growth in the interest of people's livelihood. These measures can mobilize all resources to meet the current crisis.

      当前中国经济形势总体上是好的。经过努力，在战胜两场突如其来的特大自然灾害的同时，2008年中国经济保持了平稳较快发展。国内生产总值增长9%，居民消费价格基本稳定；粮食连续五年丰收，总产量达到5．28亿吨；城镇新增就业1113万人，城乡居民收入持续增加；金融体系稳健运行，银行体系流动性和信贷资产质量保持在较好水平。作为一个发展中大国，【中国把自己的事情办好】，有利于提振对世界经济增长的信心，有利于减缓国际金融危机扩散蔓延趋势，有利于增加中国的进口和对外投资，拉动世界经济增长，给其他国家提供更多发展机遇和就业机会。中国经济保持平稳较快发展，对维护国际金融稳定和促进世界经济增长做出了重要贡献。

      China's economy is in good shape on the whole. We managed to maintain steady and relatively fast economic growth in 2008 despite two unexpected massive natural disasters. Our GDP grew by 9 percent. CPI was basically stable. We had a good grain harvest for the fifth consecutive year, with a total output of 528.5 million tons. Eleven million and one hundred and thirty thousand new jobs were created in cities and towns. Household income in both urban and rural areas continued to rise. The financial system functioned well and the banking system kept its liquidity and credit asset quality at a healthy level. When China, a large developing country, 【runs its affairs well】, it can help restore confidence in global economic growth and curb the spread of the international financial crisis. It will also help increase China's imports and outbound investment, boost world economic growth and create more development and job opportunities for other countries. Steady and fast growth of China's economy is in itself an important contribution to global financial stability and world economic growth.

      女士们，先生们：
      中国经济能不能继续保持平稳较快发展？有些人可能会有疑虑。我可以给大家一个肯定的回答：我们对此充满信心。我们的信心来自哪里？信心来自中国经济发展的基本面没有改变。由于我们正确判断形势、及时果断调整宏观经济政策，中国经济仍然保持了平稳较快发展。【我们制定并实施的既应对当前困难又着眼长远发展的一揽子计划，开始见到效果，今年将发挥更大作用。】信心来自中国经济发展的长期趋势没有改变。

      Ladies and Gentlemen,
      Will China's economy continue to grow fast and steadily? Some people may have doubts about it. Yet I can give you a definite answer: Yes, it will. We are full of confidence. Where does our confidence come from? It comes from the fact that the fundamentals of China's economy remain unchanged. Thanks to our right judgment of the situation and prompt and decisive adjustment to our macroeconomic policy, our economy remains on the track of steady and fast development. 【Our package plan takes into consideration both the need to address current difficulties and that of long-term development. It is beginning to produce results and will be more effective this year.】 Our confidence comes from the fact that the long-term trend of China's economic development remains unchanged.

      我们仍处于重要战略机遇期，在工业化和城镇化快速推进中，【基础设施建设、产业结构和消费结构升级、环境保护和生态建设、社会事业发展，蕴藏着巨大的需求和增长潜力，它将有力支撑中国经济在较长时间内继续保持较高速度增长。】信心来自中国经济发展的优势没有改变。经过30年改革开放，我们建立了良好的物质、技术和体制基础。

      We are in an important period of strategic opportunities and in the process of fast industrialization and urbanization. 【Infrastructure construction, upgrading of industrial and consumption structures, environmental protection and conservation projects, and various social development programs--all can be translated into huge demand and growth potential and will bolster relatively high-speed growth of our economy for a long time to come. 】Our confidence also comes from the fact that the advantages contributing to China's economic growth remain unchanged. With 30 years' of reform and opening-up, we have laid a good material, technological and institutional foundation.

      劳动力资源丰富、素质较高、成本较低；国家财政收支状况良好，金融体系稳健，社会资金充裕；我们有集中力量办大事的制度优势、和谐安定的社会环境。更为重要的是，我们树立了以人为本、全面协调可持续发展的科学发展理念，始终坚持改革开放，始终奉行互利共赢的开放战略，找到了一条符合中国国情、顺应时代潮流的正确发展道路；我们的人民拥有坚韧不拔、自强不息、百折不挠的精神与意志，正是这些优秀品质，使历史悠久的中国在逆境中焕发更加强劲的生命力。

      We have a large well-trained and relatively low-cost labor force. We have a healthy fiscal balance, a sound financial system and adequate funds. Our system enables us to mobilize the necessary resources for big undertakings. There is harmony and stability in our society. What is more important, we follow a scientific approach to development which puts people first and seeks comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development. We are committed to reform, opening-up and win-win progress. We have found the right development path in line with China's national conditions and the trend of our times. Our people are hard-working, persevering and resilient. It is precisely these fine qualities that endow China, a country with a time-honored history, with greater vitality in the face of adversities.

      同时，中国经济发展的外部环境没有根本改变，【求和平、谋发展、促合作是当今世界发展不可阻挡的潮流，国际分工格局调整中蕴藏着新的机遇。】我们完全有信心、有条件、有能力继续保持经济平稳较快发展，继续为世界经济发展做出积极贡献。

      At the same time, there is no fundamental change in the external environment for China's economic growth. 【The pursuit of peace, development and cooperation is the irreversible trend in today's world. The readjustment to the international division of labor offers new opportunities. 】We have the confidence, conditions and ability to maintain steady and fast economic growth and continue to contribute to world economic growth.

      女士们，先生们：
      国际金融危机是一场全球性的挑战，战胜这场危机要靠信心、合作和责任。坚定信心是战胜危机的力量源泉。信念的力量，远比想象的更为强大。国际社会和各国的当务之急，是继续采取一切必要的措施，尽快恢复市场信心。在经济困难面前，各国对世界经济发展的前景有信心，国家领导人和各国人民对自己的国家有信心，企业对投资有信心，个人对消费有信心，比什么都重要。务实合作是战胜危机的有效途径。在经济全球化条件下，大家的命运已紧紧联系在一起，谁也离不开谁。【金融危机检验着国际社会加强合作的诚意和水平，考验着我们的智慧。】只有加强合作，携手努力，同舟共济，才能有效应对危机。承担责任是战胜危机不可或缺的重要基础。各国政府坚定、勇敢、负责地承担起责任，对于稳定金融秩序、防止危机对实体经济影响加深，十分重要。【政治家要有远见卓识，既要对自己的国家和人民负责，也要对国际社会负责。】当前，应当抓紧落实20国集团领导人金融市场和世界经济峰会以来达成的广泛共识，不仅要采取更加积极有效的措施渡过当前难关，而且要努力推动建立公正、合理、健康、稳定的世界经济新秩序。为此，我提出以下意见。

      Ladies and Gentlemen,
      The global financial crisis is a challenge for the whole world. Confidence, cooperation and responsibility are key to overcoming the crisis. Confidence is the source of strength. The power of confidence is far greater than what can be imagined. The pressing task for the international community and individual countries is to take further measures to restore market confidence as soon as possible. In times of economic hardships, confidence of all countries in the prospect of global economic development, confidence of leaders and people around the world in their countries, confidence of enterprises in investment and confidence of individuals in consumption are more important than anything else. In tackling the crisis, practical cooperation is the effective way. In a world of economic globalization, countries are tied together in their destinies and can hardly be separated from one another. 【The financial crisis is a test of the readiness of the international community to enhance cooperation, and a test of our wisdom.】 Only with closer cooperation and mutual help, can we successfully manage the crisis. To prevail over the crisis, accepting responsibilities is the prerequisite. When governments fulfill their responsibilities with resolution and courage, they can help maintain a stable financial order and prevent the crisis from causing more serious damage on the real economy. 【Political leaders must be forward-looking. They should be responsible to the entire international community as well as to their own countries and people.】 It is imperative that we implement the broad agreement reached since the G20 Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy. We should not only take more forceful and effective steps to tide over the current difficulties, but also push for the establishment of a new world economic order that is just, equitable, sound and stable. To this end, I would like to share with you the following ideas.

      一是深化国际经贸合作，推进多边贸易体制健康发展。历史经验告诉我们，越是危机关头越要坚持开放与合作。贸易保护主义不仅会加大危机的严重程度，还会使危机持续更长时间，是损人不利己的行为。要积极推进贸易投资自由化便利化。中国坚定地支持推动多哈回合谈判早日达成平衡的结果，建立公平、开放的多边贸易体制。作为多边贸易体制的重要补充，积极推进区域经济一体化进程。

      First, deepen international economic cooperation and promote a sound multilateral trading regime. Past experience shows that in crisis it is all the more important to stick to a policy of opening-up and cooperation. Trade protectionism serves no purpose as it will only worsen and prolong the crisis. It is therefore necessary to move forward trade and investment liberalization and facilitation. China firmly supports efforts to reach balanced results of the Doha Round negotiations at an early date and the establishment of a fair and open multilateral trading regime. As an important supplement to such a trading regime, regional economic integration should be vigorously promoted.

      二是推动国际金融体系改革，加快建立国际金融新秩序。【这场危机充分暴露了现有国际金融体系和治理结构的缺陷。】要加快主要国际金融组织治理结构改革，建立合理的全球金融救助机制，增强履行职责的能力。增加发展中国家在国际金融组织中的发言权和代表性，积极发挥其在维护国际和地区金融稳定等方面的作用。鼓励区域货币金融合作，充分发挥地区资金救助机制作用。稳步推进国际货币体系多元化。

      Second, advance the reform of the international financial system and accelerate the establishment of a new international financial order. 【The current crisis has fully exposed the deficiencies in the existing international financial system and its governance structure. 】It is important to speed up reform of the governance structures of major international financial institutions, establish a sound global financial rescue mechanism, and enhance capacity in fulfilling responsibilities. Developing countries should have greater say and representation in international financial institutions and their role in maintaining international and regional financial stability should be brought into full play. We should encourage regional monetary and financial cooperation, make good use of regional liquidity assistance mechanisms, and steadily move the international monetary system toward greater diversification.

      三是加强国际金融监管合作，防范金融风险积聚和扩散。各国金融当局应加强信息交流与沟通，加大对全球资本流动的监测力度，防范金融风险跨境传递。扩大国际金融体系监管的覆盖面，特别要增强对主要储备货币国家的监督，建立及时高效的危机早期预警系统。制定合理有效的金融监管标准，完善会计准则、资本充足要求等各类监督制度。加强对金融机构和中介组织的监管，增强金融市场和各类金融产品透明度。

      Third, strengthen international cooperation in financial supervision and regulation and guard against the build-up and spread of financial risks. Financial authorities around the world should step up information sharing and the monitoring of global capital flows to avoid the cross-border transmission of financial risks. We should expand the regulation coverage of the international financial system, with particular emphasis on strengthening the supervision on major reserve currency countries. We should put in place a timely and efficient early warning system against crisis. We should introduce reasonable and effective financial regulatory standards and improve oversight mechanisms in such areas as accounting standards and capital adequacy requirements. We should tighten regulation of financial institutions and intermediaries and enhance transparency of financial markets and products.

      四是切实保护发展中国家利益，促进世界经济共同发展。国际社会特别是发达国家要承担应尽的责任和义务，尽量减少国际金融危机对发展中国家造成的损害，帮助发展中国家保持金融稳定和经济增长。国际金融组织应该通过放宽贷款条件等措施，及时救助有需要的发展中国家。积极推进国际减贫进程，特别要加大对最不发达国家和地区的援助力度，增强他们的自我发展能力。

      Fourth, effectively protect the interests of developing countries and promote economic development of the whole world. The international community, developed countries in particular, should assume due responsibilities and obligations to minimize the damage caused by the international financial crisis on developing countries and help them maintain financial stability and economic growth. International financial institutions should act promptly to assist those developing countries in need through such measures as relaxing lending conditions. We should advance the international poverty reduction process and scale up assistance to the least developed countries and regions in particular with a view to（着眼于） building up their capacity for independent development.

      五是协同应对全球性问题挑战，建设人类共有的美好家园。面对气候变暖、环境恶化、疫病和自然灾害、能源资源和粮食安全、恐怖主义蔓延等关系人类生存和发展的问题，任何国家都无法置身事外，也难以单独应对，国际社会必须加强合作，共同应对这些挑战。

      Fifth, jointly tackle global challenges and build a better home for mankind. Issues such as climate change, environmental degradation, diseases, natural disasters, energy, resources and food security as well as the spread of terrorism bear on the very survival and development of mankind. No country can be insulated from these challenges or meet them on its own. The international community should intensify cooperation and respond to these challenges together.

      这里，我再次重申，中国将始终不渝地谋求和平的发展、开放的发展、合作的发展。中国愿意继续与国际社会一道，积极维护国际金融稳定、促进世界经济发展，积极应对各种全球性风险和挑战，为实现世界的和谐与可持续发展贡献自己的力量！

      I want to reaffirm here China's abiding commitment to peaceful, open and cooperative development. China is ready to work with other members of the international community to maintain international financial stability, promote world economic growth, tackle various global risks and challenges, and contribute its share to world harmony and sustainable development.

      女士们，先生们！严冬终将过去，春天就要来临。让我们坚定信心，加强合作，共同推动世界经济新一轮增长！谢谢大家！

      Ladies and Gentlemen, the harsh winter will be gone and spring is around the corner. Let us strengthen confidence and work closely together to bring about a new round of world economic growth.Thank you.


◎ 相关注释：

（1）世界经济论坛 （World Economic Forum [ WEF ]）

      世界经济论坛是一个非官方的国际组织，总部设在瑞士日内瓦。其前身是现任论坛主席、日内瓦商学院教授克劳斯·施瓦布1971年创建的“欧洲管理论坛”。1987年，更名为“世界经济论坛”。论坛因每年年会都在瑞士的达沃斯召开，故也被称为“达沃斯论坛（Davos）”。世界经济论坛是以研讨世界经济领域存在的问题、促进国际经济合作与交流为宗旨的非官方国际性机构，西方媒体把达沃斯年会称为非官方的经济最高级会议。随着论坛影响的不断扩大及与会者层次的提高，世界经济论坛已被认为是“非官方的国际经济最高级会谈”，是世界政要、企业界人士以及民间和社会团体领导人研讨世界经济问题最重要的非官方聚会场所之一。

（2）虚拟经济 （Fictitious Economy）

      虚拟经济是相对实体经济而言的，是经济虚拟化（西方称之为“金融深化”）的必然产物。经济的本质是一套价值系统，包括物质价格系统和资产价格系统。与由成本和技术支撑定价的物质价格系统不同，资产价格系统是以资本化定价方式为基础的一套特定的价格体系，这也就是虚拟经济。由于资本化定价，人们的心理因素会对虚拟经济产生重要的影响；这也就是说，虚拟经济在运行上具有内在的波动性。

      【?】Fictitious Economy是指证券、期货、期权等虚拟资本的交易活动，而这一说法由马克思提出的虚拟资本（Fictitious Capital）这一概念衍生而来，西方社会并没有这一说法。因此这里翻译成了financial sector（可直译为股票交易中的金融板块，亦可广义地译为金融[行业]或企业中的财务部门等），可能是为了避免fictitious引起的的误解。

（3）流动性 （Liquidity）

      流动性（Liquidity ）有三种用法或涵义，一是指整个宏观经济的流动性，指在经济体系中货币的投放量的多少。二是指就整个股票市场而言指参与交易资金相对于股票供给的多少，这里的资金包括场内资金，既己购买了股票的资金，也就是总流通市值，以及场外资金，就是还在股票帐户里准备随时入场的资金。三是针对个股，指股票买卖活动的难易。此处的流动性是第一个概念。

（4）共性技术 （Generic Technologies）

      我国尚没有一个统一的概念，但国内现有的定义多是由影响范围出发。一种较普遍的看法是：共性技术是指在很多领域内已经或未来可能被广泛采用，其研发成果可共享并对一个产业或多个产业及企业产生深刻影响的一类技术；也有认为共性技术是对整个行业或产业技术水平、产业质量和生产效率都会发挥迅速的带动作用，具有巨大的经济和社会效益的一类技术。

（5）20国集团 （Group 20 [ G20 ]）

      20国集团是一个国际经济合作论坛，于1999年12月16日在德国柏林成立，属于布雷顿森林体系框架内非正式对话的一种机制，由八国集团（G8）、欧洲联盟以及十一个重要新兴工业国家组成。按照惯例，国际货币基金组织（IMF）与世界银行（World Bank）列席该组织的会议。G20旨在推动国际金融体制改革，为有关实质问题的讨论和协商奠定广泛基础，以寻求合作并促进世界经济的稳定和持续增长。按成立至今，其主要活动为“财政部长及中央银行行长会议”。20国集团的GDP总量约占世界的85%，人口约40亿。

（6）多哈回合谈判 （Doha Round Negotiations）

      多哈回合贸易谈判又称多哈发展议程，是世界贸易组织于2001年11月在卡塔尔首都多哈举行的世界贸易组织第四次部级会议中开始的新一轮多边贸易谈判。议程原定于2005年1月1日前全面结束谈判，但至2005年底为止仍未能达成协议，最终于2006年7月22日世界贸易组织总理事会的批准下正式中止。世贸组织147个成员就“多哈回合”的主要议题达成框架协议。框架协议内容涉及农业、非农产品市场准入、服务贸易、贸易便利化和发展等领域。